This latter offers great advantages over egg- and cell-based influenza vaccine production. The scenario of vaccine production in the next years seems to be particularly interesting, involving a transition from the current egg-based production to new technologies, such as the cell culture platform, the RNA technology, the plant-based system, and the DNA vaccine. The speed, scalability, biosafety and flexibility of the process, together with the reliability of the hemagglutinin in the vaccine, represent a significant advance toward new platforms for vaccine production. This review focuses on the recombinant DNA technology using baculovirus expression vector system a modern method of manufacturing licensed influenza vaccines. Most of the current influenza vaccines are still produced in embryonated chicken eggs, a well-established process with some limitations. Due to the evolving nature of influenza viruses, the composition of vaccines has to be updated annually. Influenza is a vaccine-preventable disease.
We highlight the in vivo and in vitro diagnostic tests used in published reports and detail the dilution used for each excipient to perform ST in order to confirm this vital pathology and to prevent new reactions.
GARY JOHNSON VACCINES HEALTHNUT UPDATE
The purpose of this article is to review the excipients that may produce inmediate hypersensitivity drugs and vaccine reactions and update diagnostic procedures to reach an accurate diagnosis.
GARY JOHNSON VACCINES HEALTHNUT SKIN
For most excipients, the dilutions used for skin testing (ST) are not standardized and proper algorithms to reach a diagnosis are not available. In addition to PEGs many other excipients as gelatin, alpha-gal, protamine, benzalkonium chloride, and benzyl alcohol have been described as a cause of allergy to drugs and vaccines. In recent times, due to allergy COVID vaccine reactions, interest in excipients as polyethylene glycol derivatives (PEGs) has increased as a possible cause of drug and vaccine hypersensivity. If an excipient allergy is suspected, an accurate examination followed by algorithms is very important for a correct diagnosis and to give patients detailed information in order to avoid future reactions. Allergy to excipients is a cause of multidrug allergy and if it is not taken into account, it can lead to unexpected severe reactions.
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